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foreign-born population 1740 0.9 (??%); 1.4? people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 1750 1.2M (??%); 2? people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 1760 1.6M (??%); 3? people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 1770 2.1M (??%); 3.5? people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 1780 2.8M (??%); 4 people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 1790 ??M (??%); 4.5 people/square-mile; percentage of blacks not slaves (i.e. % free) 7.9%.
foreign-born population 1800 ??M (??%); 6.1 people/square-mile. _Historical Statistics of the United States_ B-30.
foreign-born population 1810 ??M (??%); 4.3 people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 1820 ??M (??%); 5.5 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1820: 8,385; percentage of blacks not slaves (i.e. % free) 13.2%.
foreign-born population 1830 ??M (c. 1.6%); 7.3 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1830: 23,322; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1821-1830=143K.
foreign-born population 1840 ??M (c. 4.7%); 9.7 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1840: 84,066; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1831-1840=599K.
foreign-born population 1850 2.2M (9.7%); 7.9 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1850: 369,980; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1841-1850=1.7M. Campbell J. Gibson & Kay Jung: census bureau working paper #81: foreign-born population 1850-2000
foreign-born population 1860 4.1M (13.2%); 10.6 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1860: 153,640; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1851-1860=2.6M; percentage of blacks not slaves (i.e. % free) 11%.
foreign-born population 1870 5.6M (14.4%); between 11.2 & 13.4 people/square-mile (different census docs give different numbers); total immigration in 1870: 387,203; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1861-1870=2.3M.
foreign-born population 1880 6.7M (13.3%); between 14.2 & 16.9 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1880: 457,257; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1871-1880=2.8M.
foreign-born population 1890 9.2M (14.8%); between 17.8 & 21.2 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1890: 455,302; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1881-1890=5.2M; between 1880 & 1890 the frontiers had been over-run; from this point on the USA is in-filling.
foreign-born population 1900 10.3M (13.6%); between 21.5 & 25.6 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1900: 448,572; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1891-1900=3.7M.
foreign-born population 1910 13.5M (14.7%); between 26 & 30.9 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1910: 1,041,570; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1901-1910=8.8M.
foreign-born population 1920 13.9M (13.2%); between 29.9 & 35.5 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1920: 430,001; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1911-1920=5.7M; by this time, in-fill had pretty much been accomplished, but sea-board over-crowding & over-population had begun to spread throughout the interior.
foreign-born population 1930 14.2M (11.6%); between 34.7 & 41.2 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1930: 241,700; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1921-1930=4.1M.
foreign-born population 1940 11.6M (8.8%); between 37.2 & 44.2 people/square-mile; total immigration in 1940: 70,756; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1931-1940=532.4K.
foreign-born population 1950 10.3M (6.9%); 42.6 people/square-mile; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1941-1950=1.035M.
foreign-born population 1960 9.7M (5.4%); 50.6 people/square-mile; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1951-1960=2.5M. Campbell J. Gibson & Kay Jung: census bureau working paper #81: foreign-born population 1850-2000
foreign-born population 1970 9.6M (4.8%); 57.5 people/square-mile; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1961-1970=3.3M.
foreign-born population 1980 14.1M (6.2%); 64 people/square-mile; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1971-1980=7.34M.
IRCA1986 - Immigration Reform & Control Act; Simpson-Mazzoli-Reagan; PL99-603; 100 Stat. 3359, 3474-3480; signed 1986-11-06; effective 1986-11-07 (Visa Waiver Program, VWP; 8 USC 1187 section 217(c)); 5K visa lottery; 3M applied for amnesty and by 1993 October 88% of those (about 2.4M were granted green cards); made employing illegal aliens illegal.
TRA1986 - Tax Reform Act of 1986; signed 1986-10-22 by Ronald Reagan.
foreign-born population 1990 19.8M (7.9%); 70.3 people/square-mile. Campbell J. Gibson & Emily Lennon: census bureau working paper #29: foreign-born population 1850-1990
15.53M admitted between 1966 and 1991.
IMMACT1990 - Kennedy-d'Amato-Dodd-Moynihan-Simpson Immigration Act of 1990; PL101-649; 104 Stat. 4978, 5019-5022; effective 1991-10-01 or 1991-11-29; (created H-1B visa requiring "specialized knowledge"); 1.88M admitted 1992-1993; raised the number of immigrants per year by 40% (BLS _MLR_ 1991 November pg32, estimated the net immigration both legal and illegal would be 800K per year) 8 U.S.C. § 1184(i). PL101-649, § 205(e)(1), 104 Stat. 4978, 5022. removed the requirement that H-1B visa applicants have a residence in a foreign country that they had no intention of abandoning. PL101-649, § 205(b)(2), 104 Stat. 4978, 5020. allows dual intent (i.e. allows someone with H-1B to apply for green card). PL101-649, § 205(c), 104 Stat. 4978, 5021; in 1990, besides removing the foreign residence requirement (and allowing dual intent), the original language was replaced with language authorizing H-1B visas for aliens coming temporarily to the United States to perform services in a "specialty occupation". A specialty occupation was defined as one that required a theoretical and practical application of a body of highly specialized knowledge, and at a minimum, a bachelor’s or higher degree in the specific specialty (see app. V of GAO-11-26). This increased the pool of eligible workers to include a wider range of skill levels. H-1B3 fashion models. Of course, the government's standards for "highly specialized knowledge" are quite low, and in practice hundreds were approved who lacked the equivalent of a US high school diploma, and thousands who lacked the equivalent of a US bachelor's degree.
ITCA1991 - Immigration Technical Corrections Act of 1991; PL102-232 title3 section303(a)(7)(B)(iii); 102 Stat 1742, 1747; Restricted DoL to reviewing LCAs only for completeness and obvious inaccuracies; Required DoL, if an LCA is complete and has no obvious inaccuracies, to certify it within 7 days.
Section 245(i) Amnesty, 1994: A temporary rolling amnesty for 578K illegal aliens. NumbersUSA
IIRIR1996 - Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (8 USC 1101, 1103); gave immigration officers the authority to summarily deport an alien if the officer determines that the alien has engaged in fraud or misrepresentation, or that the alien does not possess valid documents; delegated to attorney-general sole authority to naturalize individuals and removed judicial review of decisions to remove aliens "on the basis of most criminal convictions"; gave exclusive authority to the INS to determine whether an immigrant will be granted asylum, without the right/privilege to appeal to the courts.
PRWORA1996 - The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, barred most illegal aliens from receiving most Medicaid benefits, but they are eligible for emergency Medicaid services.
1996 welfare reform law PL104-193 made most newly entering LPRs ineligible for federal public benefits for 5 years; after 5 years, it allowed states to continue barring LPRs from federal public benefits, including Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP); but non-citizens, regardless of status, who otherwise meet the eligibility requirements for Medicaid, are eligible for emergency Medicaid.
IIRIRA1996 - Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996; PL104-208; 8 USC 1623; "Those who are unlawfully present for more than 180 days but less than one year and who voluntarily depart the country are ineligible for admission or re-entry to the United States for 3 years. An alien unlawfully present for one year or more who leaves or is removed from the United States is inadmissible for 10 years. These provisions are generally referred to as the 3- and 10-year bars." Authorized reimbursement of public hospitals and certain non-profit hospitals for emergency medical assistance to illegal aliens, and reimbursement of state and local governments for emergency ambulance services provided aliens injured while crossing U.S. borders while in custody. Division C made illegal aliens ineligible for post-secondary education benefits based on state residence unless equal benefits were made available to all U.S. citizens regardless of state of residence.
1997 Section 245(i) Extension Amnesty: An extension of the rolling amnesty created in 1994. NumbersUSA
NACARA1997 - Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act of 1997, an amnesty for close to 1M illegal aliens from Central America. NumbersUSA
HRIFA1998 Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act Amnesty (HRIFA): An amnesty for 125K illegal aliens from Haiti. NumbersUSA
ACWIA1998 - American Competitiveness and Work-Force Improvement Act of 1998; signed 1998-10-21; PL105-277 divisionC title4 sections411-418; 112 Stat. 2681-641 through 2681-657; Section 416(c)(2) requires USCIS to annually collect and present to the US Congress information on the countries of origin, occupations, educational attainment, and compensation paid to aliens whose employers successfully petition for their H-1B status. Temporarily increased H-1B to 115K per year for FY1999 and FY2000, 107,500 for FY2001.
IPPCTP1998 - Irish Peace Process Cultural and Training Program Act of 1998 (PL108-449; 118 Stat. 3470).
foreign-born population 2000 31.1M (11.1%); 79.6 people/square-mile; total aggregate immigration for all years from 1991-2000=9.1M.
Data Management Improvement Act of 2000/Immigration and Naturalization Service Data Management Improvement Act of 2000; PL106-215.
2000 Late Amnesty, 2000: An amnesty for some illegal aliens who claim they should have been amnestied under the 1986 IRCA amnesty, an estimated 400K illegal aliens. NumbersUSA
2000 LIFE Act Amnesty: A reinstatement of the rolling Section 245(i) amnesty, an estimated 900K illegal aliens. NumbersUSA
AC21 - American Competitiveness in the Twenty-First Century Act of 2000; Hatch-Abraham-Gramm; PL106-313 sections102 and 103; 114 Stat 1251-1252; enacted 2000-10-03; signed by Bill Clinton 2000-10-17; granted government functionaries amnesty for over-shooting the H-1B limit by 22,500 in FY1999 and about 30K in FY2000. Temporarily increased H-1B numbers to 195K for FY2001 through FY2003. exempted all individuals being hired by institutions of higher education, as well as non-profit and government-research organizations, from the cap. AC21, § 105, 114 Stat. 1253 permitted portability, i.e. employer/sponsor change.
PL106-386 created T non-immigrant visa for victims of human trafficking.
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001: passed 2001-09-19.
USA PATRIOT Act; PL107-56; passed 2001 October.
foreign-born population 2002 33M (118%).
Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002; PL107-173; authorized creation of US-VISIT system.
Homeland Security Act of 2002 (PL107-296).
Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 (extended 245(i) amnesty).
PL108-7 amended the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).
foreign-born population 2003 33.5M (11.9%).
United States-Chile Free Trade Agreement of 2003; PL108-77 § 402(a)(2)(B), 117 Stat. 909, 940; S1416, HR2738; passed in House 2003-07-24, passed in senate 2003-07-31, signed by executive (GWBush) 2003-06-06, ratified 2003-07-31; requires "highly" specialized knowledge.
2003: United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement of 2003; PL108-78 § 402(2), 117 Stat. 948, 970-971; S1417, HR2739; passed in House 2003-07-24, passed in senate 2003-07-31, signed by executive (GWBush) 2003-05-06; requires "highly" specialized knowledge.
2003: employment eligibility verification pilot programs (PL108-156).
MPDIM2003 - Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003; PL108-173; signed 2003-12-08. It includes a provision to reimburse health-care providers for uncompensated treatment given to unauthorized aliens, aliens paroled15 into the United States for the purpose of receiving eligible services, and Mexican citizens permitted to enter the United States with border crossing cards (also referred to as "laser visas" and "passport cards").
2003: Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 (PL108-193) changes eligibility for T status.
foreign-born population 2004 34.3M (12%).
2004: Socialist Insecurity Protection Racket Act of 2004
PL108-136, the FY2004 Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2005 / Defense Department Authorization / "H-1B Visa Reform Act"; PL108-447, divisionJ, title4, subtitleB, sections422, 424 & 425(a), 118 Stat. 2809, 3353, 3356 ; signed into law (GWBush) 2004-12-08. Exempted first 20K visas granted to applicants who had a master's or doctor's degree from a US college or university. Amended military naturalization and posthumous citizenship statutes and provides immigration benefits for immediate relatives of U.S. citizen service-members who die as a result of actual combat service. PL108-136 expands immigration benefits available to the immediate relatives (spouses, children, and parents) of citizens, including posthumous citizens, who die from injuries or illnesses resulting from or aggravated by serving in combat. Such relatives would remain classified as immediate relatives of a U.S. citizen for immigration purposes, notwithstanding the death of the servicemember, and could self-petition for immigrant status. Certain adjustment requirements and the public charge ground of inadmissibility would be waived. In addition, children and parents, as well as spouses, of U.S. citizens who die during honorable active-duty service would be eligible to naturalize without prior residence or a specified period of physical presence in the United States. This includes survivors of posthumous citizens who died on or after 2001 September 11.
L1VR2004 - L-1 Visa Reform (Intracompany Transferee) Act of 2004; PL108-447, divisionJ, title4, subtitleA, § 412, 118 Stat. 2809, 3351 - 52 (codified at 8 USC § 1184(c)(2)(F), barred most bodyshops from using L-1 visas... Saxby Chambliss, Lamar Smith; 2004 December; PL108-447; prohibited placement of L-1 visa holders at sites operated by unaffiliated employers, required collection of statistics. AWIJPA2004 - American Work-Force Improvement and Jobs Protection Act; PL108-447; restored H-1B dependent "attestations" and training fees; prohibited placement of L-1B workers at unaffiliated work sites; established temporary H-1B & L fraud and abuse prevention fee; and exempted 20K applicants for H-1B with master's or doctor's degrees from US colleges and universities from annual "cap".
2004: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004
FY2004 Consolidated Agency Appropriations - PL108-199; Frank Wolf; $335K to study extent and implications of work-force globalization on knowledge-based industries in the USA
FY2004 Transportation, Treasury & Independent Agency appropriation amendments - PL108-199; Thomas & amp; Voinovich; 2004 January; temporary restriction on doing certain federal contracts over-seas
SCAAP2004 - State Criminal Alien Assistance Program; PL108-199
IRTPA2004 - Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004; PL108-458
JOBS2004 - JumpStart Our Business Strength; Charles Grassley; PL108-357; 2004 October; grovels to WTO regarding tax treatment of foreign sales firms and off-shore income, set up new business tax incentives and treatment of repatriated profits to help promote manufacturing and job creation in the USA.
foreign-born population 2005 35.7M (12.5%).
FY2005 Commerce, Justice, State Dept Appropriations - PL108-447; Frank Wolf; 2004 December; $2M for study of effects of off-shore out-sourcing on economy and employment in USA.
REAL ID act of 2005
[Illegal Immigration Control act of 2005 blocked by senate]
"Omnibus Appropriations Act of FY2005", "H and L Reform Act", "H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004"; 2004-12-08; section 212(n)(2)(C)(vi)(II); 20 CFR 655.731(c)(9) & (10) and 20 CFR 655 sub-parts H & I; $1,500 fee for employers of 26 or more FT employees; $750 for employers of 25 or fewer FT employees including affiliates and subsidiary firms; $500 fraud prevention and detection fee applicable to all H-1B sponsor transfers and most initial applications
US-Australia Free Trade Agreement; 2005-05-11; created E-3 with limit of 10,500 per year. Term of 2 years, indefinitely renewable. Also permits spouse to work in USA.
foreign-born population 2010 40M (12.9%); 87.6 people/square-mile; total aggregate immigration for all years from 2001-2010=13.9M. census bureau
PL111-230, § 402(b), 123 Stat. 2485, 2487; recent legislation established an additional fee of $2K for petitions filed 2010-08-13 through 2014-09-30, for sponsors with 50 or more employees in the United States and more than 50% of those USA employees on H-1B or L visas. Act of 2010 August 13.
foreign-born population 2011 38.2M (12.5%); 88.2 people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 2012 40M (12.9%); 88.9 people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 2013 40.1M-41.3M (12.9%); 89.5 people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 2014 42.2M (???%); 90.2 people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 2015 43.3M (13.5%); 90.9 people/square-mile.
foreign-born population 2016 43.7M-45.6M (13.5%); 91.5 people/square-mile.
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